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Irving, Washington, 1783-1859We have 22 books for this author.
Washington Irving (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859) was an American author of the early 19th century. Best known for his short stories The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip van Winkle (both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon), he was also a prolific essayist, biographer and historian. His works include biographies of George Washington and Muhammad, and histories of 15th century Spain dealing with subjects such as Columbus, the Moors, and the Alhambra. Irving and James Fenimore Cooper were the first American writers to earn acclaim in Europe, and Irving is said to have encouraged authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. Irving was also the U.S. minister to Spain 1842–1846. BiographyIrving’s parents were William Irving, originally of Shapinsay, Orkney, and Sarah (née Sanders). They were married in 1761, while William was serving as a petty officer in the British Navy. By the time Washington was born, William was settled in Manhattan, and part of that city's vibrant small merchant class. Several of Washington Irving's older brothers themselves became active New York merchants, and they encouraged their younger brother's literary aspirations. By 1804 he was reading law in the city and contributing theatrical reviews and humorous sketches to various periodicals [1]. His first book was A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809), a brilliant satire on self-important local history and contemporary politics. The surname of Diedrich Knickerbocker, the fictional narrator of this and other Irving works, became a nickname for Manhattanites in general [2]. Like many merchants and many New Yorkers, Irving originally opposed the War of 1812, but the British attack on Washington, D.C. in 1814 convinced him to enlist. He served on the staff of Daniel Tompkins, governor of New York and commander of the New York State Militia, and saw action along the Great Lakes. The War was disastrous for many American merchants, including Irving's family, and in mid-1815 he left for England to attempt to salvage the family trading company. He remained in Europe for the next seventeen years. 
 Irving left for Europe in 1815. His efforts to restore the family business were unsuccessful, but he wrote prolifically, creating a series of sketches, stories, and observations. In 1819-1820 he published The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, which includes his best known stories, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Rip van Winkle. Rip Van Winkle was written overnight while Irving was staying with his sister Sarah and her husband, Henry van Wart in Birmingham, England, a place that also inspired some of his other works. Bracebridge Hall or The Humorists, A Medley is based on Aston Hall there.The Sketch Book was an enormous success, and Irving soon traveled to the continent in search of new material, reading widely in Dutch and German folk tales. Like many successful authors of this era, Irving struggled against literary bootleggers. While in England, his sketches were published in book form by British publishers without his permission and from then on he published in Europe and the U.S. concurrently to protect his copyright. While in Paris in 1825, Irving met Alexander Hill Everett, who was on his way to Madrid as American Minister to Spain. Everett invited Irving to join him in Madrid, noting that a number of manuscripts dealing with the Spanish conquest of the Americas had recently been made public. Irving left for Madrid in early 1826 and enthusiastically began scouring the Spanish archives for colorful material. He published The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1828, the Conquest of Granada a year later, and the Voyages of the Companions of Columbus in 1831. These works are a mixture of history and fiction, a genre now called romantic history – Irving based them on extensive research in the Spanish archives, but also added imaginative elements aimed at sharpening the story. The first of these works is the source of the durable myth that medieval Europeans believed the earth was flat. Irving left Spain in 1829 to accept a position in the US Embassy in London. While serving there he wrote Tales of the Alhambra, which was published concurrently in England and the United States. (The actual title is more lengthy, as its contents amounted to a collection of sketches. In 1851 he wrote an “Author’s Revised Edition,” also entitled Tales of the Alhambra.) Irving returned to the United States in 1832 and traveled on the Western frontier in the 1830s (with Charles La Trobe[3] for some time) and recorded his glimpses of Western tribes in A Tour on the Prairies (1835). He spoke against the mishandling of relations with the Native American tribes by Europeans and Americans:
The beginning of Prairies Chapter 10 includes the following, interpreted by some literary critics to be a comment on concerns about his public persona:
Irving is also the author of The Adventures of Captain Bonneville and Astoria and used firsthand accounts of these American west journeys, although most readers continue to believe they are "embellished" history. 
His second Western book was Astoria; he wrote it during a six-month stay with the then-retired John Jacob Astor. It was a worshipful account of Astor’s attempt to establish a fur trading colony at present-day Astoria, Oregon. The three “Western” books were designed to put to rest the notion that Irving’s time in England and Spain had made him more European than American. Legends of the Conquest of Spain was published in 1835. During Irving’s stay with Astor, Benjamin Bonneville paid a visit. His tales of his three years in Oregon Country were said to have enthralled Irving. A month or two later, when Irving encountered Bonneville in Washington, D.C., Bonneville, struggling to write about his journey, decided instead to sell his maps and notes to Irving for $1,000. Irving used that material as the basis for his 1837 book The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, which is often considered the best of his three Western books. Washington's home - Sunnyside - is still standing, just south of the Tappan Zee Bridge in Tarrytown, New York. The original house and the surrounding property were once owned by 18th-century colonialist Wolfert Acker, about whom Irving wrote his sketch Wolfert’s Roost (the name of the house). The house is now owned and operated as an historic site by Historic Hudson Valley and is open to the public for tours. Irving popularized the nickname “Gotham” for New York City, later used in Batman comics and movies, and is credited with inventing the expression “the Almighty dollar”. 
Irving as a NamesakeIrving's name appears across the United States. The village of Irvington, New York, and the town of Irvington, New Jersey, were named after the author, and also, it is believed, the city of Irving, Texas. Both Washington Street and Irving Street in Birmingham, Alabama, also bear the author’s name. His book Bracebridge Hall was the inspiration for the naming of the town of Bracebridge, Ontario. In addition, a library in Los Angeles, California, is named in his honor. Irving Avenue in Port Chester, N.Y., is named after him, as is a condominium townhouse community along this road called Washington Mews, which was built during the 1980s. Washington Irving Memorial Park and Arboretum in Bixby, Oklahoma also bears his name. In Spain, the room at which he stayed in the Alhambra is labelled and referred to as his room and there is a hotel named for him just outside the Alhambra. The southernmost section of Lexington Avenue in New York City (between 14th and 20th Streets) is named Irving Place, named so after Washington Irving in 1833. A house that stands on the corner of 17th Street and Irving Place is said to have been the one time home of Washington Irving, however that claim seems to have been only a myth [4]. Across the street from this house is the Washington Irving High School (New York City). On the corner of 16th Street and 3rd Avenue (one block east of Irving Place), is the Washington Irving House apartment building. In Fremont, California, the districts of Irvington and Washington and their respective high schools (Washington, Irvington) are also named in his honor. There was also a Washington Irving High School in Clarksburg, West Virginia which was replaced by Robert C. Byrd High School in 1995. Washington Irving HS — or "WI" as it was called by locals — subsequently became the middle school. Pen names and associated writingsGeoffrey Crayon
Diedrich Knickerbocker
Jonathan Oldstyle
Bibliography
In other worksIn Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22, Yossarian begins signing the name "Washington Irving" for amusement while censoring correspondence, and progresses to its inversion, Irving Washington. Later in the novel the character Major Major Major follows suit, starting with "Washington Irving", proceeding to "Irving Washington" when that loses its charm, and finally arriving at "John Milton" which is quicker and sounds more incisive. External links
References
This biographical information was gathered from the Washington_Irving page, courtesy of the Wikipedia project. BooksAbbotsford and Newstead AbbeyThe Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U. S. A., in the Rocky Mountains and the Far West Astoria, or, anecdotes of an enterprise beyond the Rocky Mountains Bracebridge Hall Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada The Crayon Papers The Great English Short-Story Writers, Volume 1 Knickerbocker's History of New York, Complete La Legendo de Dorm-Valeto The Legend of Sleepy Hollow The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (Volume II) Life of George Washington — Volume 01 Little Britain The Lock and Key Library The most interesting stories of all nations: American Old Christmas Old Christmas From the Sketch Book of Washington Irving Oliver Goldsmith A Biography The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon Tales of a Traveller Tri Noveloj Wolfert's Roost and Miscellanies |
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